{"id":872,"date":"2021-01-07T18:32:39","date_gmt":"2021-01-07T17:32:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shtandart.xyz\/?page_id=872"},"modified":"2025-07-07T15:29:28","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T13:29:28","slug":"history-of-the-original","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/shtandart.eu\/fr\/about-shtandart\/the-history-of-shtandart\/history-of-the-original\/","title":{"rendered":"L'Histoire de la fr\u00e9gate de 1703"},"content":{"rendered":"

Il y a 300 ans, sur ordre du Tsar Pierre le Grand et du gouverneur Menshikov, d\u00e9buta la construction des premiers navires russes pour la nouvelle Marine russe, dont le Shtandart devint le navire amiral.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nLe nom Shtandart<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Le Shtandart signifie la nouvelle route commerciale que la Russie a acquise via la mer Baltique. En 1703, Pierre a chang\u00e9 son \u00e9tendard en ajoutant la quatri\u00e8me carte de la Baltique aux cartes d\u00e9j\u00e0 existantes des trois mers russes. Un nouvel \u00e9tendard royal a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 et en son honneur, le premier navire russe de la marine baltique a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 Shtandart.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nL'Art de la construction navale<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Le succ\u00e8s militaire de la Russie contre la Turquie a permis \u00e0 Pierre le Grand de revendiquer une route commerciale vers l'Europe via la mer Baltique. Toutefois, pour prot\u00e9ger ses terres, il avait besoin d'une marine puissante. Pendant sa Grande Ambassade, Pierre a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 l'art de la construction navale. \u00c0 Amsterdam, la fr\u00e9gate \"Pierre et Paul\" a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite et lanc\u00e9e sp\u00e9cialement pour que le Tsar russe puisse observer l'ensemble de la construction du d\u00e9but \u00e0 la fin. Il a re\u00e7u un certificat qui d\u00e9clarait que Pierre Mikhailov \"a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 l'art de la construction navale dans la mesure de nos connaissances dans ce domaine\". Cependant, Pierre n'\u00e9tait pas satisfait de cet apprentissage. La raison \u00e9tait telle que l'\u00e9cole n\u00e9erlandaise de construction navale reposait fortement sur l'exp\u00e9rience pratique plut\u00f4t que sur une connaissance th\u00e9orique et des calculs pr\u00e9cis. Le savoir-faire et les secrets du m\u00e9tier \u00e9taient transmis de p\u00e8re en fils. Utiliser cette m\u00e9thode de construction en Russie n'\u00e9tait pas possible, car il n'existait pas de g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de charpentiers, de gr\u00e9eurs et de tailleurs. Ainsi, Pierre devait apprendre une science plus structur\u00e9e \u00e0 ses disciples. C'est pourquoi, apr\u00e8s la Hollande, il se rendit en Angleterre - un pays c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son approche pr\u00e9cise et structur\u00e9e, y compris dans la conception et la construction de navires.<\/p>\n\n\n\nApprendre de l'Angleterre<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Il y avait une autre raison pour laquelle Pierre le Grand voulait se rendre en Angleterre. William III avait promis de donner \u00e0 son fr\u00e8re le Transport Royal: un yacht d'une beaut\u00e9 et d'une vitesse incomparable... Ainsi, apr\u00e8s avoir pass\u00e9 5 mois aux Pays-Bas, le Tsar russe a encore pass\u00e9 4 mois en Angleterre, voyageant et s'informant aupr\u00e8s de charpentiers de marine et d'amiraux. Qu'a-t-il appris pendant ce voyage ? Outre les 500 experts qu'il a embauch\u00e9 pour travailler en Russie, il a \u00e9galement ramen\u00e9 avec lui des technologies et des innovations pour diverses industries, mais en particulier pour sa construction navale bien-aim\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nAppliquer le savoir-faire<\/b>\n\n\n\n

L'opportunit\u00e9 d'appliquer les nouvelles connaissances est venue tr\u00e8s rapidement. La construction de nouveaux navires pour la flotte de la Baltique a d\u00e9but\u00e9 en 1702-1703. Les deux chantiers navals ont \u00e9t\u00e9 install\u00e9s le long de deux rivi\u00e8res : la Syas et la Svir. Cependant, en raison du choix des ma\u00eetres-charpentiers, l'un d'eux s'est av\u00e9r\u00e9 moins efficace que l'autre. En revanche, sur le chantier naval d'Olonetsk, les affaires se passaient beaucoup mieux. Seulement en 5 mois, en travaillant litt\u00e9ralement \"en plein champ\" et en construisant le chantier naval au fur et \u00e0 mesure, les 10 premiers navires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 termin\u00e9s. Le plus grand d'entre eux \u00e9tait le fr\u00e9gate de 28 canons, le Shtandart, choisi pour devenir le navire amiral de la nouvelle flotte de la mer Baltique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le navire a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7u sur le mod\u00e8le du yacht \u00abRoyal Transport\u00bb du roi Guillaume III, qui fut offert \u00e0 Pierre le Grand le 14 mars 1698, alors que le tsar \u00e9tudiait les techniques de construction navale \u00e0 Deptford et Portsmouth.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Le travail \u00e9tait supervis\u00e9 par des ma\u00eetres hollandais et anglais, ainsi que par des sp\u00e9cialistes russes qui avaient \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la construction navale lors de la Grande Ambassade. Le tsar lui-m\u00eame a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 de nombreux dessins et plans techniques, confiant ses projets uniquement aux meilleurs charpentiers. Parmi eux figurait Vybe Gerens, qui avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 acquis la r\u00e9putation d'un constructeur naval talentueux. Il \u00e9tait responsable de la construction d'un navire de 38 canons \u00e0 Voronej et \u00e0 Arkhangelsk, ainsi que de la construction de deux yachts de 8 canons et m\u00eame d'un autre navire de 68 canons. On lui confia \u00e9galement la t\u00e2che de construire le \"Navire du Tsar\", plus tard appel\u00e9 Shtandart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malheureusement, les dessins de Pierre le Grand n'ont pas surv\u00e9cu. Cependant, l'apparence et la structure du Shtandart ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soigneusement recr\u00e9\u00e9es \u00e0 l'aide des donn\u00e9es du chantier naval d'Olonetsk et des r\u00e9sultats de plus de trois ans de recherche men\u00e9e par l'historien russe Viktor Krainukov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sur l'exemple de Shtandart, nous pouvons observer la fusion de deux \u00e9coles de la charpente navale - hollandaise et anglaise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les N\u00e9erlandais avaient besoin que leurs navires soient adapt\u00e9s aux eaux peu profondes, car beaucoup d'entre eux \u00e9taient construits dans des r\u00e9gions avec des canaux peu profonds. Compar\u00e9s aux navires anglais de m\u00eame calibre, les navires n\u00e9erlandais avaient un tirant d'eau beaucoup plus r\u00e9duit. En pleine mer profonde, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les ancres ne peuvent pas atteindre le fond, il \u00e9tait crucial d'avoir la capacit\u00e9 de remonter contre le vent. C'est ce pour quoi les navires anglais ont toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 c\u00e9l\u00e8bres.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nConception du Shtandart<\/b>\n\n\n
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

La conception du Shtandart a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Pierre le Grand en utilisant les meilleures pratiques des deux \u00e9coles : le tirant d'eau r\u00e9duit n\u00e9cessaire pour naviguer dans le golfe de Finlande et le gr\u00e9ement \u00e9l\u00e9gant caract\u00e9ristique des navires anglais. Pierre lui-m\u00eame a \u00e9t\u00e9 impliqu\u00e9 dans la construction du Shtandart. Il \u00e9tait pr\u00e9sent au chantier naval d'Olonetsk depuis le 21 juillet 1703. C'est probablement gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son \u00e9nergie et \u00e0 sa d\u00e9termination que la construction a \u00e9t\u00e9 achev\u00e9e en seulement cinq mois. Ses hommes travaillaient jusqu'\u00e0 la tomb\u00e9e de la nuit chaque jour, sachant que les jours d'\u00e9t\u00e9 dans le nord durent longtemps...<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En tr\u00e8s peu de temps, seulement deux semaines, les m\u00e2ts et les voiles \u00e9taient pr\u00eats. Le 8 septembre 1703, le Shtandart leva l'ancre pour Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg sous le commandement du capitaine \"Peter Mikhailov\". La flottille de navires arriva \u00e0 Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg \u00e0 la mi-octobre.<\/p>\n\n\n\nCapitaines Internationaux<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Pendant ses 16 ann\u00e9es de service, le Shtandart a eu plusieurs capitaines. Leurs noms t\u00e9moignent d'une histoire maritime tr\u00e8s internationale de l'\u00e9poque :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peter Mikhailov \u2013 Russia -1703
P. Grey \u2013 England \u2013 1704
Jan Delang \u2013 Holland \u2013 1705
F. Vilimovsky \u2013 Russia \u2013 1706-1707
Shonvick \u2013 Holland \u2013 1708-1709
Henry Vessel -Norway -1712
B. Edwart \u2013 England \u2013 1713<\/p>\n\n\n\nEn \u00e9tat de d\u00e9labrement et le d\u00e9cret de l'imp\u00e9ratrice<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard, les r\u00e9sultats des constructions h\u00e2tives ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se faire sentir. Le bois n'avait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 correctement s\u00e9ch\u00e9, le navire s'est d\u00e9t\u00e9rior\u00e9 et \u00e9tait programm\u00e9 pour une r\u00e9novation compl\u00e8te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Shtandart r\u00e9par\u00e9 a continu\u00e9 son service jusqu'en 1719, lorsque Pierre le Grand d\u00e9cr\u00e9ta que la fr\u00e9gate serait pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e \u00e0 jamais en tant que premier navire de la Marine russe et monument de l'art de la construction navale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malheureusement, faute de soins et d'attention, le Shtandart et plusieurs autres navires entrepos\u00e9s dans le canal de Kronwerk se sont d\u00e9t\u00e9rior\u00e9s tr\u00e8s rapidement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1727, une commission sp\u00e9ciale ordonn\u00e9e par Catherine I a v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 l'\u00e9tat des navires et a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de ramener le Shtandart \u00e0 terre pour le restaurer. Cependant, avec le temps, l'eau avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 caus\u00e9 tellement de d\u00e9g\u00e2ts que lors des tentatives de lev\u00e9e, le c\u00e2ble a effectivement coup\u00e9 la coque en sections. Le vieux Shtandart a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9mont\u00e9 et l'imp\u00e9ratrice a annonc\u00e9 le nouveau d\u00e9cret : \"En l'honneur du nom donn\u00e9 par Sa Majest\u00e9 Pierre Ier, je construirai le nouveau.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\nLe d\u00e9cret a \u00e9t\u00e9 ex\u00e9cut\u00e9<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Ce d\u00e9cret est rest\u00e9 sans \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 jusqu'\u00e0 la fin du XXe si\u00e8cle, lorsque la r\u00e9plique exacte moderne du Shtandart a \u00e9t\u00e9 construite \u00e0 Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg par une \u00e9quipe d'enthousiastes et de volontaires dirig\u00e9e par l'architecte naval et marin Vladimir Martus.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

300 years ago, upon the order from tzar Peter and governor Menshikov, began the construction of the first Russian ships for the new Russian Navy in which Shtandart became the flagship. The name Shtandart The name Shtandart signifies the new trade route that Russia had gained via the Baltic Sea. In 1703 Peter changed his […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":867,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-872","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nHistory of the Original - Shtandart<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/shtandart.eu\/fr\/about-shtandart\/the-history-of-shtandart\/history-of-the-original\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"History of the Original - Shtandart\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"300 years ago, upon the order from tzar Peter and governor Menshikov, began the construction of the first Russian ships for the new Russian Navy in which Shtandart became the flagship. 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