{"id":872,"date":"2021-01-07T18:32:39","date_gmt":"2021-01-07T17:32:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shtandart.xyz\/?page_id=872"},"modified":"2025-07-07T15:29:28","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T13:29:28","slug":"history-of-the-original","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/shtandart.eu\/es\/about-shtandart\/the-history-of-shtandart\/history-of-the-original\/","title":{"rendered":"HISTORIA DEL ORIGINAL"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hace 300 a\u00f1os, tras la orden del zar Pedro y del gobernador Menshikov, empez\u00f3 la construcci\u00f3n de los primeros buques para la nueva Armada Rusa, de la que el Shtandart ser\u00eda la nave insignia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nEl nombre Shtandart<\/b>\n\n\n\n

A principios del siglo XVIII Rusia consigui\u00f3 uno de sus principales botines de la guerra con Suecia: el acceso al Mar B\u00e1ltico. En la desembocadura del r\u00edo Neva fue fundada la ciudad de San Petersburgo, la nueva capital del Imperio. El nombre de Shtandart proviene del estandarte imperial. Hasta 1701 \u00e9ste mostraba un \u00e1guila sosteniendo entre sus garras los mapas de los tres mares a los que Rusia ten\u00eda acceso (el de Azov, el Mar Negro y el Mar Blanco). Tras ganar el B\u00e1ltico se a\u00f1adi\u00f3 un cuarto mapa. Un nuevo estandarte real fue creado y en su honor el primer\nbuque de la Flota B\u00e1ltica se llam\u00f3 Shtandart (estandarte).<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nEl arte de la construcci\u00f3n naval<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Para proteger sus nuevas posesiones en el B\u00e1ltico el zar necesitar\u00eda una armada poderosa.\nDurante su Gran Embajada Pedro estudi\u00f3 el arte de la construcci\u00f3n naval. En \u00c1msterdam, se\nconstruy\u00f3 y se bot\u00f3 la fragata \u201cPedro y Pablo\u201d expresamente para que Pedro pudiera observar\ntodo el proceso de construcci\u00f3n. El zar recibi\u00f3 un certificado en el que se constataba que Pedro Mikhailov \u201cHa estudiado el arte de la construcci\u00f3n naval en la medida en que nosotros lo\nconocemos\u201d. Pero el zar no estaba satisfecho con ese conocimiento. La raz\u00f3n era que la escuela holandesa de construcci\u00f3n naval se basaba en gran medida en la experiencia pr\u00e1ctica m\u00e1s que\nen el conocimiento de los fundamentos te\u00f3ricos y en los c\u00e1lculos. Los conocimientos y secretos del oficio se pasaban de padres a hijos. Usar este m\u00e9todo en Rusia ser\u00eda imposible, ya que\nRusia no contaba con generaciones de carpinteros navales ni maestros veleros. De esta forma Pedro necesitaba aprender una ciencia m\u00e1s estructurada, y tras los Pa\u00edses Bajos se dirigi\u00f3 a Inglaterra, entonces conocida por su enfoque preciso, riguroso y formalizado de las cosas, incluyendo el dise\u00f1o y la construcci\u00f3n de buques.<\/p>\n\n\n\nAprendiendo de Inglaterra<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Hab\u00eda otra raz\u00f3n por la que el zar Pedro quer\u00eda ir a Inglaterra. Guillermo III prometi\u00f3 ceder a su hermano Pedro el Transporte Real, un yate de incomparable belleza y velocidad... As\u00ed, habiendo pasado cinco meses en los Pa\u00edses Bajos, Pedro pas\u00f3 otros cuatro meses en Inglaterra, viajando\ny aprendiendo de carpinteros de ribera y almirantes. \u00bfQu\u00e9 sac\u00f3 Pedro de su viaje? A parte de 500 expertos que el zar contrat\u00f3 para trabajar en Rusia, tambi\u00e9n trajo tecnolog\u00edas e innovaciones para varias industrias, pero en particular para su m\u00e1s querida, la construcci\u00f3n naval.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nAplicando los conocimientos<\/b>\n\n\n\n

La oportunidad para aplicar los nuevos aprendizajes lleg\u00f3 muy pronto. La construcci\u00f3n de nuevos buques para el B\u00e1ltico empez\u00f3 en 1702-1703. El segundo astillero (Astillero Olonetsky) de los dos nuevos construidos result\u00f3 el m\u00e1s exitoso. En s\u00f3lo 5 meses, trabajando literalmente\nen un descampado y construyendo el propio astillero a la vez durante el proceso, se\ncompletaron los primeros diez barcos. El mayor entre ellos era el Shtandart de 28 ca\u00f1ones, escogido para convertirse en el buque insignia de la nueva Flota B\u00e1ltica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La fragata fue modelada seg\u00fan el yate del rey Guillermo III, el \u00abRoyal Transport\u00bb, que fue entregado a Pedro el Grande el 14 de marzo de 1698, mientras el zar estudiaba t\u00e9cnicas de construcci\u00f3n naval en Deptford y Portsmouth.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

El trabajo fue supervisado por maestros holandeses e ingleses, as\u00ed como por especialistas rusos que estudiaron construcci\u00f3n naval durante la Gran Embajada. El zar Pedro en persona realiz\u00f3 varios dise\u00f1os y planos t\u00e9cnicos, y s\u00f3lo confiaba sus proyectos personales a los mejores de sus constructores navales. Entre ellos se encontraba Vybe Gerens, quien por ese tiempo ya se hab\u00eda ganado una reputaci\u00f3n como constructor con talento. \u00c9l fue el responsable de la construcci\u00f3n del nav\u00edo de 38 ca\u00f1ones Voronezh en Arj\u00e1ngelsk, y tambi\u00e9n construy\u00f3 dos yates de 8 ca\u00f1ones e incluso otro buque de 68 ca\u00f1ones. A \u00e9l se le encarg\u00f3 la tarea de construir el \u201cBuque del Zar\u201d, que m\u00e1s tarde ser\u00eda llamado Shtandart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por desgracia los planos del zar Pedro no han sobrevivido. Aun as\u00ed, el aspecto y la estructura del Shtandart fue cuidadosamente recreado usando datos del astillero Olonetsky y los resultados de m\u00e1s de tres a\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n del historiador ruso Viktor Krainukov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

El Shtandart es un interesante ejemplo de la combinaci\u00f3n de dos estilos de construcci\u00f3n\ndiferentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los holandeses necesitaban que sus barcos pudieran navegar en aguas poco profundas, ya que muchos se constru\u00edan en canales con poco calado. Comparados con buques ingleses con el mismo n\u00famero de ca\u00f1ones, los holandeses calaban mucho menos. En mar abierto donde las anclas no alcanzan el fondo, es crucial tener capacidad para virar y remontar el viento. Esa es una cualidad por la que los buques ingleses siempre han sido famosos.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nDise\u00f1ando el Shtandart<\/b>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Para dise\u00f1ar el Shtandart, Pedro us\u00f3 las mejores pr\u00e1cticas de ambas escuelas: El poco calado\npara navegar en el Golfo de Finlandia y la jarcia alta y esbelta t\u00edpica de los ingleses. Pedro en\npersona se involucr\u00f3 en la construcci\u00f3n del Shtandart. \u00c9l estuvo presente en el astillero\nOlonetsk desde el 21 de Julio de 1703. Fue probablemente gracias a su energ\u00eda y\ndeterminaci\u00f3n que la construcci\u00f3n se complet\u00f3 en s\u00f3lo cinco meses. Su gente trabajaba hasta\nel anochecer cada d\u00eda, y se sabe que los d\u00edas de verano en el norte son largos...<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En un brev\u00edsimo tiempo, que fue de s\u00f3lo dos semanas, las velas y los m\u00e1stiles estaban listos. El\n8 de Setiembre de 1703, el Shtandart se hac\u00eda a la mar rumbo a San Petersburgo, bajo el\nmando del capit\u00e1n \u201cPedro Mikhailov\u201d. La flotilla de buques lleg\u00f3 a San Petersburgo a mediados\nde Octubre.<\/p>\n\n\n\nCapitanes internacionales<\/b>\n\n\n\n

Durante sus 16 a\u00f1os de servicio el Shtandart tuvo varios capitanes. Sus nombres revelan una\nhistoria muy internacional de la Armada Rusa de aquel tiempo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pedro Mikhailov \u2013 Rusia \u2013 1703
\nP. Grey \u2013 Inglaterra \u2013 1704
\nJan Delang \u2013 Pa\u00edses Bajos \u2013 1705
\nF. Vilimovsky \u2013 Rusia \u2013 1706-1707
\nShonvick \u2013 Pa\u00edses Bajos \u2013 1708-1709
\nHenry Vessel \u2013 Noruega \u2013 1712
\nB. Edwart \u2013 Inglaterra \u2013 1713<\/p>\n\n\n\nDisrepair and the Empress’s Decree<\/b>\n\n\n\n

A few years later the result of the hurried constructions began to show their effects. The timber was not dried properly, the ship came to a state of disrepair and was scheduled for retimbering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The repaired Shtandart continued service until 1719, when Peter decreed the frigate to be preserved forever as the first ship of the Russian Navy and a monument of the art of shipbuilding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadly, without care and attention, Shtandart and several other ships stored at Kronwerk Canal deteriorated very rapidly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1727 a special commission ordered by Katherine I checked the condition of the ships and decided to bring Shtandart ashore to be restored. But water and time had already done so much damage that during the lifting attempts the cable actually cut the hull in sections. The old Shtandart was taken apart with a new decree from the Empress: \u201cIn honour of the name given by His Majesty Peter I will build the new one\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\nDecree Fulfilled<\/b>\n\n\n\n

This decree remained unfulfilled until the late 20th century when the modern exact replica Shtandart was build in St-Petersburg by a team of enthusiasts and volunteers led by naval architect and sailor Vladimir Martus.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

300 years ago, upon the order from tzar Peter and governor Menshikov, began the construction of the first Russian ships for the new Russian Navy in which Shtandart became the flagship. The name Shtandart The name Shtandart signifies the new trade route that Russia had gained via the Baltic Sea. In 1703 Peter changed his […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":867,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-872","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nHistory of the Original - Shtandart<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/shtandart.eu\/es\/about-shtandart\/the-history-of-shtandart\/history-of-the-original\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"History of the Original - Shtandart\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"300 years ago, upon the order from tzar Peter and governor Menshikov, began the construction of the first Russian ships for the new Russian Navy in which Shtandart became the flagship. The name Shtandart The name Shtandart signifies the new trade route that Russia had gained via the Baltic Sea. 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